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日本語三様―和語と漢語と外来語(にほんご さんよう―わごと かんごと がいらいご)

  • 執筆者の写真: There Goes Nihongo
    There Goes Nihongo
  • 2021年11月5日
  • 読了時間: 4分


The Japanese words are classified into three categories: 和語(わご), 漢語(かんご), and 外来語(がいらいご).


ふるさとの家

和語(わご)includes:

「一(ひと)つ」 one; one year old

「古里(ふるさと)」home town; birth place; country

「全(すべ)て」 all; everything

「明日(あす)」「明日(あした)」 tomorrow

「昨日(きのう)」yesterday

「花見(はなみ)」flower viewing, especially cherry blossoms

「国(くに)」country; nation; home town

「飯(めし)」meal

「話(はな)し合(あ)い」discussion

「代(か)わり」 agent; agency; on behalf of someone else

「決(き)める」 to decide

「歌(うた)う」 to sing


Charcoal grilled サンマ fish

漢語(かんご) includes:

「一(いち)」one

「故郷(こきょう)」home town; home country

「全部(ぜんぶ)」all; everything

「明日(みょうにち)」tomorrow

「昨日(さくじつ)」yesterday

「日本国(にほんこく)」 Japan

「夕飯(ゆうはん)」dinner; supper

「議論(ぎろん)」to discuss; discussion

「代理(だいり)」agent; agency

「決定(けってい)」to decide; decision

「歌唱(かしょう)」to sing; singing


外来語(がいらいご)includes:

「ラジオ」radio

「テレビ」TV

「レッスン」lesson

「クラス」class

「シャツ」shirt

「カントリー」country

「ジャパン」Japan

「ディナー」dinner

「ディスカッション」 discussion

「エージェント」agent


Until the fifth century, the Japanese people did not have a written language. Then, kanjis were introduced from China, and, based on kanjis, hiragana 平仮名(ひらがな)and katakana 片仮名(かたかな)were invented.


万里の長城(ばんりの ちょうじょう) the Great Wall of China

和語(わご) are the words which had already been used as a spoken language before kanjis were introduced to Japan. Kanjis were allocated to parts of 和語(わご).


When kanjis were introduced, 「明日(みょうにち)」 was imported, and the characters 「明日」 was also allocated to 「あす」and 「あした」, which existed as spoken language.


As you may now realize, all the kun-yomi 訓読(くんよ)み words are 和語(わご).


So, 「明日(みょうにち)」is 漢語(かんご). 「明日(あす)」 and 「明日(あした)」 are 和語(わご). Likewise, 「一(いち)」 is 漢語; 「一(ひと)つ」 is 和語(わご).


All the on-yomi 音読(おんよ)み words are 漢語(かんご). 「全部(ぜんぶ)」 is 漢語(かんご); 「全(すべ)て」 is 和語(わご). 漢語(かんご)were imported to Japan with their character and sound at the same time. That’s why they have sounds similar to Chinese (—similar at least to the Japanese ear).


ハンバーグ is the word Hamburg.

「外来語(がいらいご)」are words which were imported from foreign counties except for China.

「ラジオ」is from radio.

「テレビ」is from TV. 「レッスン」 lesson; 「クラス」 class; 「ドイツ」 Deutsche , 「イタリア」 Italia, 「ハンバーグ」 Hamburg、「ピーマン」piment, 「オルゴール」 orgel, etc.

They are usually written in katakana 片仮名(かたかな).


つまり、和語(わご)はもともと日本(にほん)にあった言葉(ことば)。漢語(かんご)は中国(ちゅうごく)から来(き)た言葉(ことば)。外来語(がいらいご)はその外(ほか)の国(くに)から来(き)た言葉(ことば)です。

In short, 和語(わご) is originally Japanese; 漢語(かんご) is words from China; 外来語(がいらいご) is words from other countries than China.


ピーマン is from the French word 'piment.'

Interestingly, 和語(わご) are often written in 平仮名(ひらがな) even though 漢字(かんじ) are officially allocated to them. A lot of writers do so according to their taste. Maybe too many kanjis look too strong or acute.


Please see the following sentence. This was written by 大野晋(おおの すすむ) in one of his books, "日本語練習帳(にほんごれんしゅうちょう)":

「日本語がよく読めるように、よく書けるようになりたいとすれば、最初にどんなことに気持を向けるといいか。」

(にほんごがよくよめるように、よくかけるようになりたいとすれば、さいしょにどんなことにきもちをむけるといいか。)

The underlined words are 「よく(良く)」「なりたい(成りたい)」「こと(事)」「いい(良い)」.


Then, the sentence can be written as follows if you put them in kanji:

「日本語が良く読めるように、良く書けるように成りたいとすれば、最初にどんなに気持を向けると良いか。」


Its meaning does not change at all. But the writer did not write them in kanji maybe because he wanted to appear a little softer by using 平仮名(ひらがな). 平仮名(ひらがな) always look softer than 漢字(かんじ).


Furthermore, some 漢語(かんご) are felt as if they were 和語(わご), and they are written in 平仮名(ひらがな)in many cases. In the above sentence of Mr. Ohno, it is 「よう(様)」.


「日本語が良く読めるに、良く書ける成りたいとすれば、最初にどんなに気持を向けると良いか。」


For your reference, the meaning in English is as follows:

What do we need to pay attention to first if we wish to read and write Japanese well?



 
 
 

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